Working During Retirement

Planning on working during retirement? If so, you're not alone. An increasing number of employees nearing retirement plan to work at least some period of time during their retirement years.

Obviously, if you work during retirement, you'll be earning money and relying less on your retirement savings--leaving more to potentially grow for the future and making your savings last longer, as shown in the example below:

Assumptions:

• Retirement savings $1,000,000
• Earnings rate 6%
• Preretirement income $150,000
• Social Security $2,000/month
• Desired income replacement 80% ($120,000/year, $10,000/month)

If you continue to work, you may also have access to affordable health care, as more and more employers are offering this important benefit to part-time employees.

But there are also non-economic reasons for working during retirement. Many retirees work for personal fulfillment--to stay mentally and physically active, to enjoy the social benefits of working, and to try their hand at something new--the reasons are as varied as the number of retirees.

If you work after you start receiving Social Security retirement benefits, your earnings may affect the amount of your benefit check. Your monthly benefit is based on your lifetime earnings. When you become entitled to retirement benefits at age 62, the Social Security Administration calculates your primary insurance amount (PIA), upon which your retirement benefit will be based. Your PIA is recalculated annually if you have any new earnings that might increase your benefit. So if you continue to work after you start receiving retirement benefits, these earnings may increase your PIA and thus your future Social Security retirement benefit.

But working may also cause a reduction in your current benefit. If you've reached full retirement age (65 to 67, depending on when you were born), you don't need to worry about this-- you can earn as much as you want without affecting your Social Security retirement benefit.

If you haven't yet reached full retirement age, $1 in benefits will be withheld for every $2 you earn over the annual earnings limit ($14,160 in 2011). A special rule applies in your first year of Social Security retirement--you'll get your full benefit for any month you earn less than one-twelfth of the annual earnings limit, regardless of how much you earn during the entire year. A higher earnings limit applies in the year you reach full retirement age. If you earn more than this higher limit ($37,680 in 2011), $1 in benefits will be withheld for every $3 you earn over that amount, until the month you reach full retirement age--then you'll get your full benefit no matter how much you earn. (If your current benefit is reduced because of excess earnings, you may be entitled to an upward adjustment in your benefit once you reach full retirement age.)

Not all income reduces your Social Security benefit. In general, Social Security only takes into account wages you've earned as an employee, net earnings from self-employment and other types of work-related income, such as bonuses, commissions, and fees. Pensions, annuities, IRA distributions, and investment income won't reduce your benefit.

Also, keep in mind that working may enable you to put off receiving your Social Security benefit until a later date. In general, the later you begin receiving benefit payments, the greater your benefit will be. Whether delaying the start of Social Security benefits is the right decision for you, however, depends on your personal circumstances.

One last important point to consider: in general, your Social Security benefit won't be subject to federal income tax if that's the only income you receive during the year. But if you work during retirement (or receive any other taxable income or tax-exempt interest), a portion of your benefit may become taxable. IRS Publication 915 has a worksheet that can help you determine whether any part of your Social Security benefit is subject to federal income tax.

If you work for someone other than your original employer, your pension benefit won't be impacted at all--you can work, receive a salary from your new employer, and also receive your pension benefit from your original employer. But if you continue to work past your normal retirement date for the same employer, or if you retire and then return to work for that employer, you need to understand how your pension will be impacted.

Some plans will allow you to start receiving your pension benefit once you reach the plan's normal retirement age, even if you continue to work. Other plans will suspend your pension benefit if you work beyond your normal retirement date, but will actuarially increase your payment when benefits resume to account for the period of time benefits were suspended. Still other plans will suspend your benefit for any month you work more than 40 hours, and will not provide any actuarial increase--in effect, you'll forfeit your benefit for any month you work more than 40 hours.

Some plans provide yet another option--"phased retirement." These programs allow you to continue to work on a part-time basis while accessing all or part of your pension benefit. Federal law encourages these phased retirement programs by allowing pension plans to start paying benefits once you reach age 62, even if you're still working and haven't yet reached the plan's normal retirement age.